In this new "Flaskback Friday" video we've dug up an oldie but goodie! In 1971 James Baldwin sat down to have an honest and open conversation with Nikki Giovanni about the state of affairs between the Black men and women of the time. They discuss relationships, "village" building and raising families. This conversation between James Baldwin and Nikki Giovanni is still relevant today.

Original video from SOUL! and then shoutfactorytv. All rights and love to Soul! and shoutfactorytv for broadcasting this. Taped in London, November 1971.

Original links: (part 1) http://www.shoutfactorytv.com/....soul/james-baldwin-p
(part 2) http://www.shoutfactorytv.com/....soul/james-baldwin-p

-Find more audio and video of Nikki Giovanni and James Baldwin on this channel.
&check out this playlist of other Baldwin videos: https://www.youtube.com/playli....st?list=PLvbZAprCHO2

to see a video of Nikki Giovanni reflecting on this conversation in 2016 is here: https://youtu.be/dI74bE0pqRM

Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni, Jr.(born June 7, 1943) is an American poet, writer, commentator, activist, and educator. Giovanni gained initial fame in the late 1960s as one of the foremost authors of the Black Arts Movement. Influenced by the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement of the period, her early work provides a strong, militant African-American perspective, leading one writer to dub her the "Poet of the Black Revolution."

James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist and social critic. His essays, as collected in Notes of a Native Son (1955), explore intricacies of racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western societies, most notably in mid-20th-century America. Some of Baldwin's essays are book-length, including The Fire Next Time (1963), No Name in the Street (1972), and The Devil Finds Work (1976). An unfinished manuscript, Remember This House, was expanded and adapted for cinema as the Academy Award–nominated documentary film I Am Not Your Negro.

Baldwin's novels and plays fictionalize fundamental personal questions and dilemmas amid complex social and psychological pressures thwarting the equitable integration of not only African Americans, but also gay and bisexual men, while depicting some internalized obstacles to such individuals' quests for acceptance. Such dynamics are prominent in Baldwin's second novel, Giovanni's Room, written in 1956, well before the gay liberation movement.

Soul! or SOUL! (1967–1971 or 1967–1973) was a pioneering performance/variety television program in the late 1960s and early 1970s produced by New York City PBS affiliate, WNET. It showcased African American music, dance and literature. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul!

more on Soul! here: https://www.thirteen.org/progr....am-content/history-e

Ellis Haizlip was born on September 17, 1929 (to January 25, 1991). He was a pioneering broadcaster, television host, theater and television producer, and cultural activist. Often host of Soul!

If you are a copyright holder that would like something removed from my channel please message me on YouTube & I will respond so you do not need to file a DMCA Copyright Takedown Request with YouTube. Thank You.

Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.

James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 - December 1, 1987) was America’s greatest writer and arguably the greatest essayist in the history of the English language. While he is most often seen as a writer and cultural icon, he was however much more - a revolutionary theorist, and witness for the Black Freedom Movement. To understand Baldwin as such, it is crucial to understand the revolutionary chronology that produced Baldwin, which is rooted, not in the European revolutions of 1848 and the thought of Karl Marx and V. I. Lenin, but in the struggle against slavery and white supremacy.

"To Fulfill the Unfulfilled, To Answer the Unanswered: The Revolutionary James Baldwin" is an original documentary produced by The Saturday Free School for Philosophy and Black Liberation, that seeks to clarify the revolutionary chronology that leads to Baldwin's theorizing, and to establish him as a philosopher and revolutionary thinker who cannot be separated from Martin Luther King Jr. and the Black Freedom Movement. This documentary was premiered on August 2nd, 2024, Baldwin's 100th birth anniversary, as part of a three-day celebration which included an Afro-Asiatic Peace Concert, and the inauguration of an exhibit titled "Love & Revolution : James Baldwin speaks to our time" at the central branch of the Free Library of Philadelphia (https://libwww.freelibrary.org/blog/post/5350)

Our nation faces a crisis of violence, mental illness, poverty, homelessness, and meaning. It is up to the people to heal society and determine our human future. Baldwin, the thinker and revolutionary, illuminates how we can do so. His writing is the autobiography of the making of a new American people. To the extent that we see ourselves in his words, we recognize that we must fulfill the unfulfilled task of completing the democratic, revolutionary, and emancipatory struggle; and, in Baldwin’s words, achieve our country.

We honor Baldwin as GOD'S REVOLUTIONARY VOICE: a literary, philosophical, cultural, artistic, and ideological genius, whose contributions to the revolutionary remaking of world humanity must be brought to fruition.

For more information about reading groups and events visit: YearOfJamesBaldwin.org

James Arthur Baldwin (August 2, 1924 – December 1, 1987) was an American novelist and social critic. His essays, as collected in Notes of a Native Son (1955), explore intricacies of racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western societies, most notably in mid-20th-century America. Some of Baldwin's essays are book-length, including The Fire Next Time (1963), No Name in the Street (1972), and The Devil Finds Work (1976). An unfinished manuscript, Remember This House, was expanded and adapted for cinema as the Academy Award–nominated documentary film I Am Not Your Negro.Baldwin's novels and plays fictionalize fundamental personal questions and dilemmas amid complex social and psychological pressures thwarting the equitable integration of not only African Americans, but also gay and bisexual men, while depicting some internalized obstacles to such individuals' quests for acceptance. Such dynamics are prominent in Baldwin's second novel, Giovanni's Room, written in 1956, well before the gay liberation movement.Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.

Ethiopia - a new perspective

0:00: ⚔️ Marcus Garvey's vision of uniting black people against oppression through constructive means.4:34: 💪 Empowerment and self-esteem inspired by a Caribbean leader ignited hope and a new cry for black people.8:26: 💰 Financial empowerment leads to political control and influence over legislation and government.13:20: 💰 Marcus Garvey's vision for a prosperous black economy through investment funds and black-owned businesses.17:02: 💔 Garvey's downfall due to betrayal, surveillance, and biased trial amidst power struggle.21:19: 💔 Duboy's opposition to Garvey's back-to-Africa movement resulted in its downfall and Liberia's economic troubles.24:55: 💔 Betrayal and sabotage hindered Garvey's vision for a prosperous African diaspora.28:42: 🕵️ Government surveillance targeted Garvey for alleged radicalism and fraud, hindering his vision for a prosperous black nation.32:37: ⚖️ Unjust assumption of fraud led to the downfall of Garvey's vision for a redeemed race. Through engaging dialogue, we will explore the rich tapestry of African history, culture, and worldview, discovering their profound relevance in our lives today. Together, we will share our thoughts and knowledge, fostering a new culture of awareness and reclaiming our collective narrative. Let's celebrate the vibrant heritage and enduring legacy of Africa, forging a path of enlightenment and unity. Together, we can shape a future rooted in understanding, respect, and shared heritage.------Sources:https://youtu.be/bpsKWGIZIhw?si=_YtK_GAdnUM1awqAhttps://scholarship.law.ua.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1513&context=fac_articleshttps://moguldom.com/370403/inside-the-beef-between-marcus-garvey-and-web-dubois-5-things-to-know-about-their-differences/https://blog.oup.com/2008/02/du_bois/https://moguldom.com/370401/the-real-pan-africanist-7-things-to-know-about-marcus-garveys-plan-to-settle-in-liberia/https://samepassage.org/the-little-known-story-behind-marcus-garveys-fierce-fight-with-web-dubois/--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------#africanhistory #blackhistory #blackculture

ALSO WATCH — August 1, 2020 Marcus Garvey Virtual Forum: 100th Anniversary of Convention of the Negro Peoples of the World. Watch on IBW21.org — https://ibw21.org/events/08012....0-marcus-mosiah-garv or watch here on YouTube — https://youtu.be/vvBPLY9xJD0

Streamed live on August 1, 2020, the virtual forum features — Dr. Julius Garvey (Son of Marcus Mosiah Garvey), Nana Akufo-Addo (President of Ghana), H.E. Hage G. Geingob (President of the Republic of Namibia), H.E. Dr. Sam Nujoma (Founding President of the Republic of Namibia), Mayor Ras Baraka (Newark, New Jersey), Hon. P. J. Patterson (Former Prime Minister of Jamaica), Hon. David Comissiong (Barbados’ Ambassador to CARICOM), Prof. Rupert Lewis (University of the West Indies, Jamaica), Prof. Carolyn Cooper (University of the West Indies, Jamaica), Dr. Shani Roper (University of the West Indies, Jamaica), Steven Golding (President of the UNIA Jamaica), Yvette Modestin (IBW21 & NAARC Member, Founder/Executive Director, Encuentro Diaspora), Dr. Ron Daniels (President of IBW21, Convener of NAARC and PAUD), Paradise Gray (X-CLAN, Founder, The Black Watch Movement) and Don Rojas (Director of Communications & International Relations for IBW21).

***

ABOUT HON. MARCUS MOSIAH GARVET

Marcus Mosiah Garvey, Jr., ONH (August 17, 1887 – June 10, 1940), was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a proponent of the Pan-Africanism movement, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). He also founded the Black Star Line, a shipping and passenger line which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.

Prior to the 20th century, leaders such as Prince Hall, Martin Delany, Edward Wilmot Blyden, and Henry Highland Garnet advocated the involvement of the African diaspora in African affairs. Garvey was unique in advancing a Pan-African philosophy to inspire a global mass movement and economic empowerment focusing on Africa known as Garveyism. Promoted by the UNIA as a movement of African Redemption, Garveyism would eventually inspire others, ranging from the Nation of Islam to the Rastafari movement (some sects of which proclaim Garvey as a prophet).

Garveyism intended persons of African ancestry in the diaspora to "redeem" the nations of Africa and for the European colonial powers to leave the continent. His essential ideas about Africa were stated in an editorial in the Negro World entitled "African Fundamentalism", where he wrote: "Our union must know no clime, boundary, or nationality… to let us hold together under all climes and in every country…"

***
ABOUT PAUD

Pan African Unity Dialogue (PAUD)

Convened by the Institute of the Black World 21st Century (IBW, IBW21), The Pan African Unity Dialogue (PAUD) holds quarterly meetings of Continental Africans, Caribbean Americans, Afro-Latinos and African Americans in the greater New York area to bridge divisions and promote operational unity and joint work around mutually agreed upon concerns or issues.

About PAUD — https://ibw21.org/paud
Support IBW21 — https://ibw21.org/support
Sign-up for IBW21 Newsletters — https://ibw21.org/newsletter

***
ABOUT IBW21

Institute of the Black World 21st Century (IBW, IBW21)

The Institute of the Black World 21st Century is committed to building the capacity of Black communities in the U.S. to work for the social, political, economic and cultural upliftment, the development of the global Black community and an enhanced quality of life for all marginalized people.

Check out our website — https://ibw21.org
Support IBW21 — https://ibw21.org/support
Sign-up for IBW21 Newsletters — https://ibw21.org/newsletter

***
#marcusgarvey #yearofgarvey2020 #panafricanism #panafrican #redblackgreen #rbgflag #africandiaspora #garveyism #ibw21

Marcus Garvey was a revolutionary icon the world tried to silence. In this video, we uncover the whole story — from his rise as the leader of the Pan-African movement to the global reach of the UNIA, and the conspiracy that led to his arrest and exile. Despite every attempt to destroy his legacy, Garvey remained unconquered in spirit. Discover the real story of the man who inspired generations and built a vision of Black pride and independence that still echoes today.

#marcusgarvey #blackhistory #PanAfricanism

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Join me on a transformative journey as we honour our black ancestors and reclaim our world through the lens of Africa. Through engaging dialogue, we will explore the rich tapestry of African history, culture, and worldview, discovering their profound relevance in our lives today. Together, we will share our thoughts and knowledge, fostering a new culture of awareness and reclaiming our collective narrative.

Let's celebrate the vibrant heritage and enduring legacy of Africa, forging a path of enlightenment and unity. Together, we can shape a future rooted in understanding, respect, and shared heritage.

👇 Watch more fascinating videos about Black Cultures and history 👇

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources:
https://youtu.be/pja7nb2ZXlg?si=fsw3wwGv96JSRt72

https://youtu.be/bpsKWGIZIhw?si=Tg4-RFb2Mrj9ZTFH

https://nationalhumanitiescent....er.org/tserve/twenty

https://blackhistorystudies.co....m/resources/resource

https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1513&context=fac_articles

https://moguldom.com/370403/in....side-the-beef-betwee

https://blog.oup.com/2008/02/du_bois/

https://moguldom.com/370401/th....e-real-pan-africanis

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#africanhistory #blackhistory #blackculture

This episode of Chicago Stories traces the birth and growth of gospel music in Chicago in the 1930s. The story follows "The Father of Gospel", Thomas A. Dorsey, who wrote one of gospel’s early hits while coping with his grief over the death of his wife and child. It explores the roots of gospel from southern spirituals during slavery, through gospel’s early years.

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Dive deeper into the story: https://www.wttw.com/gospel
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Watch more amazing Chicago Stories: https://www.wttw.com/chicagostories
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#chicagostorieswttw

Bumpy Johnson was more than just a gangster—he was Harlem’s undisputed kingpin, a man who navigated the underworld with intelligence, power, and ruthless determination. From his early days in the streets to his rise as a legendary crime boss, this documentary dives deep into the life of the man who ruled Harlem with an iron fist while maintaining connections with the Italian Mafia and protecting his community.But who was the real Bumpy Johnson? Was he a ruthless criminal or a Robin Hood figure who stood up for his people? Through rare footage, historical accounts, and expert analysis, we unravel the complex story of a man who shaped Harlem’s history and left behind a legacy that still resonates today. Discover the battles he fought, the deals he made, and the enemies he faced in a world where power meant survival.If you're fascinated by true crime, gangster history, and the hidden stories of America's criminal underworld, this documentary is for you. Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for more deep dives into the most legendary figures in crime history. Enjoy the documentary!________________________________________________👉 SUBSCRIBE to the channel: https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCLfMYOeWw2n3508FH Video Chapters:00:00 : Intro03:20 : Small but Tough14:57 : War in Harlem32:34 : Respect doesn’t mean Submission44:21 : Betrayal55:35 : Epilogue + Outro 📩 Partnership or question(s): life.of.gangster@expandia.ioSources :https://www.goodreads.com/book..../show/2286671.Harlem Voiceover : Patrick Garan#bumpyjohnson #truecrime #lifeofagangster⚠️ The sole purpose of this video is to relate historical facts. In no way does it advocate organized crime.--English version of the contents of the French channel PROFESSION GANGSTER.Channel managed by the original creator.

What we aren't taught about the Black Panther Party. On December 4th, 1969, the Black Panther Party’s Illinois Chairman Fred Hampton was murdered by police. But his story is about much more than the raid that took his life. The movement Hampton helped create was unique, and revolutionary.In the late 1960s, Fred Hampton helped lead a coalition of activists, working across racial lines against a corrupt city government that threatened their communities. At the core of their work were social programs, including free breakfasts, health clinics, and legal aid. Hampton named the group the Rainbow Coalition. And because of their impact, it wasn’t long before they got the attention of the police and the FBI. What followed was an assassination, and a coverup. Watch “The Murder of Fred Hampton” http://www.chicagofilmarchives.....org/pres-projects/t and “American Revolution 2”: http://www.chicagofilmarchives.....org/pres-projects/a “From The Bullet To The Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago”: https://uncpress.org/book/9781....469622101/from-the-b “Black Against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party” https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9....780520293281/black-a out https://www.savethehamptonhouse.org/Watch “The First Rainbow Coalition”: https://www.pbs.org/video/the-....first-rainbow-coalit

This video delves into the Rise of the Moors, which is a movement asserting ancestral land rights and demanding sovereignty on the grounds of Moorish heritage. Following Janetta Little's house being taken over by a Moor who asserted ownership, we learn about the history, faith, and court cases of the group. Some groups advocate for separation and dissent from U.S. laws, but the Moorish Science Temple of America advocates for peace and lawfulness. This narrative enlightens us about their struggle for self-governance in the midst of controversy and swelling law enforcement worries.

#vicenews #news #shanesmithhasquestions #shanesmith #sshq

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Shane Smith Has Questions
SSHQ is a dynamic, apolitical podcast hosted by Shane Smith dedicated to getting to the
bottom of prominent instances of misinformation and disinformation while revealing the
fascinating fundamental truths (if there are any?) of the most interesting and convoluted social
and political issues of our time. In Season 1, Shane discusses many of today’s most important
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The Rise of the Moors: ‘We Want Our Own Nation’ | Shane Smith Has A Question | Vice News
https://www.youtube.com/channe....l/UCZaT_X_mc0BI-djXO

CREDITSDirector: Ragini Bhasin Casting Coordinator: Bridget McGuinness Casting Associate Producer: Karsyn Hughes Production Manager: Emma Pek Equipment Coordinator: Heaven SauloAssistant Editor: Kirsten HoangEditor: Tyler MilliganPost-Production Coordinator: Kyle BacalzoTIMECODES00:24 If you don't follow my religion then you will go to hell13:02 My religion does more for the black community than the other27:04 Homosexuality is a sin43:28 The other side has more extremists than my side50:54 Women are as empowered as men in my religion58:14 At times I've lost my faith

The Documentary that they black balled so that you wouldn't see the truth.
Executive Producers Chris Paul and Billie Eilish, They're Trying to Kill us follows film maker , John Lewis as he takes a deep dive into the food system in the United States. Directed by John Lewis and Keegan Kuhn. Experts and entertainers explore how structural racism and corruption lead to disproportionate rates of chronic illness among people of color.

Did you know that Thomas Jefferson owned a copy of the Qur’an? That George Washington owned enslaved people who were Muslim? And that a Muslim diplomat broke his Ramadan fast in the White House in 1805? These are some of the facts that Aymann Ismail (staff writer, Slate Magazine) discovers as he explores the role that Muslims played in the imagination of America’s founding generation. Aymann’s journey takes him from George Washington’s Mount Vernon to Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello but begins in the Library of Congress. Here he sees two books that symbolize the promise and contradictions of the early Republic; Jefferson’s copy of the Qur’an and an autobiography written by an enslaved African Muslim, Omar Ibn Said, who was brought to the United States during Jefferson’s presidency. Through these books, Ayman discovers how some Muslims were included in the founders’ vision of religious freedom in the nascent Republic, while other Muslims were denied all their rights, because of their race and legal status.

The film features interviews with Keith Ellison (the first Muslim elected to Congress,) Denise A. Spellberg (author of Thomas Jefferson’s Qur’an: Islam and the Founders), and Jeffrey Einboden (author of Jefferson’s Muslim Fugitives: The Lost Story of Enslaved Africans, their Arabic Letters, and an American President).

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#muslim #islam #americanhistory

American Muslims: A History Revealed
A series of six short documentary films that reveal and explore the early history of Muslims in America. The series is hosted by three leading American Muslim journalists: Malika Bilal, Aymann Ismail, and Asma Khalid. Over the course of the series, they travel the country to piece together stories spanning over 200 years. from the first Muslims to arrive as enslaved people from Africa to the establishment of early South Asian, Syrian-Lebanese, and Black American Muslim communities. The series weaves key moments in U.S. history with the unexpected but essential story threads of Muslims whose lived experiences offer us new insight into how race, religion, and nationality are intertwined in the American fabric. Actors reading the part of historical characters include Hiam Abbas, David Rasche, Kamal Khan, and Faarshad Farahat.

Discover the real Harriet Tubman in this compelling documentary narrated by Alfrelynn Roberts and featuring expert interviews with leading scholars, including Dr. Eric Lewis Williams of the Smithsonian Institute and Carl Westmoreland of the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. It also features remarkable early 20th century audio recordings of African-American spirituals sung by former slaves.

Harriet Tubman is a familiar and revered name in American history. But many are unfamiliar with the details of her remarkable story, the depth of her character, and the inner motivations that drove her. Born into slavery in Maryland in the 1820s, Harriet Tubman's resolute Christian faith would compel her to extraordinary acts of courage and sacrifice. Through her selfless efforts, hundreds of African-American slaves escaped to freedom. Tubman's tenacious trust in God and love for others earned her the title "the Moses of her people." Discover the real Harriet Tubman in this compelling documentary narrated by Alfrelynn Roberts and featuring expert interviews with leading scholars, including Dr. Eric Lewis Williams of the Smithsonian Institute and Carl Westmoreland of the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. It also features remarkable early 20th century audio recordings of African-American spirituals sung by former slaves.

Director: Robert Fernandez
Starring: Dr. Eric Lewis Williams, Carl Westmoreland

Fannie Lou Hamer's America is a portrait of civil rights activist Fannie Lou Hamer. Through evocative speech and soulful song, Hamer made it her life's work to enfranchise and increase Black political representation. Learn more: https://bit.ly/ARF_FannieLouHamerA

WATCH:
Apple TV+: https://tv.apple.com/us/season..../season-1/umc.cmc.76
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#americareframed #fannielouhamer #blackwoman #motherhood #womensrights #activism #civilrights #democracy #dnc #politics #vote #voterregistration #voting #votingrights #mississippi #documentary #film funding for FANNIE LOU HAMER'S AMERICA provided by W.K. Kellogg Foundation, GBH Voices and Equity Fund made possible by the Rita J. and Stanley H. Kaplan Family Foundation, Inc., the Jonathan Logan Family Foundation, Mississippi Delta National Heritage, Mississippi Humanities Council and others. This program was made possible by contributions to PBS stations from viewers like you.

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America ReFramed brings to life compelling stories, personal voices and experiences that illuminate the contours of our ever-changing country. Since 2012, the anthology series has premiered 170 films from more than 370 filmmakers - more than half were helmed by female filmmakers and a third are credited to BIPOC filmmakers. The series has centered the stories of the LGBTQ community, people with disabilities, the incarcerated and formerly incarcerated, veterans, seniors, immigrants and people from a myriad of backgrounds. Major funding for America ReFramed provided by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Wyncote Foundation, and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Additional funding provided by Open Society Foundations, Acton Family Giving, Park Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, and The Reva & David Logan Foundation.

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Part I of a series. In "When Kings Became Slaves," historians Florida Yeldell and David Drayton explore the rice culture in America, and the burgeoning slave trade it created. Videotaped in 2003.

Music:
(all other songs credited at the end of the video)

Musique des chasseurs : ah! je chante pour Siné
Collector: Rouget, Gilbert
Collection: Guinée : musique des Malinké
Recording date: Jan. 1, 1952 - Dec. 31, 1952

Slavery has existed in Africa for as long as recorded history. Ancient Egypt had slaves toiling away in its fields and on its monuments, ancient Carthage trafficked in slaves across the Mediterranean, and the Ethiopian kings of Aksum wrote proudly of the slaves they took in war. Slaves were also exported from Africa for centuries before Europeans arrived. The Trans-Saharan slave trade lasted for over a thousand years and dragged about 10 million people across the desert to be slaves in the Islamic world. The Indian Ocean also had a similarly long-lasting ocean-going slave trade with about 5 million ending up in slave ships, bound and branded for use in foreign lands. These slaves ended up as labourers, domestic servants, soldiers, or more. Male slaves in the Islamic world were typically castrated which meant that new slaves had to be regularly imported to maintain the population.

For this video, we’ll focus on Western Africa where the Atlantic slave trade was centred. West Africa was removed from the Indian Ocean trade and mostly secure from Islamic slave raids, but slavery was still a feature of life there long before the Atlantic slave trade began. A succession of powerful empires occupied the region which all rested on complex slave systems. The Ghanaian Empire from the 3rd to the 13th century began a tradition of powerful West African imperial states and built much of its wealth through trans-Saharan trading of slaves or goods acquired through slave labour.

The Salt, copper, and gold that made the Mali Empire and Mansa Musa fabulously wealthy were all extracted with slave labour. Domestic slavery was also common and Mali was known to import female slaves from the Mediterranean to act as domestic servants in the households of the elites. Most of the slaves were acquired through conquest of neighbouring kingdoms or tribal groups who were too weak to defend themselves from the organised imperial militaries. Successor empires like the Songhai, Jolof, and Kaabu inherited the social and economic structures of slavery and continued to acquire slaves as they scrambled to establish their own territories. Elites in these empires used slaves as a status symbol and ownership of slaves came to represent someone’s wealth and power.

#history #slavetrade #transatlanticslavetrade #historyofslavery music: Epidemic music

Sources:
C. Ebert, ‘European Competition and Cooperation in Pre-Modern Globalization: Portuguese West and Central Africa, 1500-1600,’ African Economic History, 36 (2008)

M. A. Gomez, African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa, (2018)

P. A. Igbafe, ‘Slavery and Emancipation in Benin, 1897-1945’, Journal of African History, 16/3, (1975)

J. Iliffe, Africa: History of a Continent, (2019)

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